Reference · Strings

upper

upper(str) -> str

What it does

The text in upper case. It knows all of Unicode, so letters outside ASCII are converted too, and a letter that grows when capitalised does: "ß" becomes "SS". Digits, punctuation and whitespace stay as they are.

Examples

print(upper("hello"))print(upper("straße"))print(upper("Ærøskøbing 42, ok?"))

HELLOSTRASSEÆRØSKØBING 42, OK?

Edge cases

• The empty string gives the empty string.
• The result can be longer than the text: "ß" is one character, "SS" two.
• Case is not folded for comparing: upper(a) == upper(b) is a fine equality test for ASCII, but for text in any language compare with lower as well, since some letters only round-trip one way.

print(upper(""), len(upper("ß")))print(upper("fi") == "FI")

 2true

Errors

An argument that is not a string is a runtime error, not an error value: upper(42) stops the request. Convert first with str.

print(upper(42))

line 1: `upper` expects a str as argument 1, got int

Chaining

In a pipeline the text comes first, so upper takes it as its only argument:

print("  mixed Case  " | trim | upper)print(["ann", "bob"] | map(upper))

MIXED CASE["ANN", "BOB"]

See also

lower, trim, str

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